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The Supreme Court decides: Bulanon failed to provide substantial evidence to prove an employer-employee relationship with Eric and his associated companies. Consequently, Bulanon’s claims of illegal dismissal could not be sustained.

Anselmo Bulanon alleged he was hired as a Welder/Fabricator by Eric Ng Mendoza, who owned several furniture businesses including Mendco Development Corporation, Pinnacle Casting Corporation, Mastercraft Phil., Inc., and Jacquer International. On January 6, 2006, Bulanon filed a complaint with the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) against Eric and his companies for various unpaid benefits and lack of social security coverage.

The Supreme Court decides: The Supreme Court denied Home Cable’s petition, affirming that the infringement was correctly identified and that Filscap’s role and claims were valid.

The court clarified that copyright infringement occurs when an unauthorized party exercises economic rights, including communication to the public, without consent. Filscap, accredited to enforce copyright, had valid standing to sue. The court noted that Home Cable’s broadcast of music through cable TV constituted a public communication of copyrighted works.

The Supreme Court decides: In Criminal Case No. 12-292735, the accused-appellants were found guilty of qualified trafficking in persons under Section 4(a) and Section 6(a) of Republic Act No. 9208. Despite subsequent amendments to the law, the original version applied because the trafficking occurred on June 23, 2012, before these amendments.

The conviction required proof of: (1) Recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or receipt of persons, with or without consent; (2) use of coercion, deception, or exploitation methods; (3) exploitation for purposes such as sexual exploitation, forced labor, or organ removal; and (4) the victim being under 18 years old. The court confirmed that all these elements were met in this case, establishing the guilt of the accused.

The Supreme Court decides: The Court ruled in favor of Manila Peninsula, holding that the additional conditions imposed by the circulars were invalid.

In this case, the Supreme Court addressed the validity of Revenue Memorandum Circulars No. 46-2008 and No. 31-2011, which imposed additional requirements for VAT zero-rating on services provided to entities engaged in international air transport operations. Manila Peninsula argued that VAT zero-rating for such services required only two conditions: the service must be provided by a VAT-registered service provider in the Philippines and rendered to persons engaged in international air transport. In contrast, the CIR contended that the additional conditions stipulated in the circulars—namely, that the services must pertain to the transport of goods or passengers directly from a Philippine port to a foreign port without stopping at any other Philippine port—were also required.

The Supreme Court decides: Overall, PHIC’s disbursements of allowances lacked formal authorization and did not comply with relevant regulations, undermining their legality and prompting the disallowance.

The case revolves around the legality of benefits granted by the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PHIC) under Notices of Disallowance (NDs). The central issue is whether PHIC had the authority to grant these benefits, which include productivity bonuses and allowances, beyond its standard compensation.

The Supreme Court decides: The Court ruled that the property is not conjugal. The property was acquired in 1978, before Lani and Stephen’s marriage in 1983, and was registered solely in Stephen’s name.

According to the Civil Code, property acquired before marriage remains the exclusive property of the individual, unless proven otherwise. The presumption of conjugal ownership only applies to property acquired during the marriage. Since Lani admitted the property was bought before the marriage and was purchased with Stephen’s personal funds, she could not claim it as conjugal.

The Supreme Court decides: The trial court’s ruling lacked sufficient analysis of factors such as Winston’s health, safety, and emotional well-being, as well as his preference and any potential detrimental conditions. This oversight indicates that the court did not fully address the essential factors required to determine the most suitable custodial arrangement for Winston.

In this case, since Catherine was not married to respondent, she had sole parental authority over her illegitimate son, Winston. After her death, custody was granted to Winston’s collateral grandparents under the Family Code. This substitute parental authority is not permanent and can be reviewed by the court, which must consider the child’s best interests.

The Supreme Court decides: The court has determined that Sampana was a regular employee of TMTCP from March 21, 2011, until his dismissal on December 21, 2016. As such, he is entitled to retirement benefits under Article 302 [287] of the Labor Code.

Retirement benefits under this law are calculated as 1/2 month’s salary for each year of service, based on 22.5 days per year, for employees with at least five years of service. Sampana, having turned 60 on February 16, 2016, and having served TMTCP for over five years, met the eligibility criteria for retirement benefits when he expressed his intent to retire in November 2016. Furthermore, he reached the compulsory retirement age of