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Estafa under Article 315(2)(d) of the Revised Penal Code and Batas Pambansa Blg. 22 both involve the issuance of a bounced check, but they differ in terms of their legal nature and specific requirements. A key similarity between the two offenses is that both necessitate a notice of dishonor for prosecution. Without proof of notice of dishonor, knowledge of insufficiency of funds cannot be presumed and no crime can be deemed to exist.

HLURB Administrative Order 03-2017 sets forth the Executive Committee Resolution No. 001, series of 2017 or the “Guidelines In The Kinds Of Dues, Fees, And Contributions That May Be Collected By Homeowners Associations”.

The said Administrative Order provides for the powers and functions of the Homeowners Association, its Board of Directors, various remedies for failure to pay the dues, fees and contributions legally imposed by the association, among others.

Republic Act No. 12065 also known as the Philippine Archipelagic Sea Lanes Act was enacted for the designation of archipelagic sea lanes and air routes suitable for the continuous, expeditious, and unobstructed passage of foreign ships and aircraft through or over its archipelagic water and the adjacent territorial sea. It delineated the rights and obligations of foreign ships and aircrafts.

To promote greater transparency, accountability, operational efficiency, and value for money, the Philippine Government Electronic Procurement System (PhilGEPS) shall be the single electronic portal that shall serve as the primary source of information and channel in the conduct of all procurement activities of the government.

Promissory estoppel may arise from the making of a promise, even though without consideration, if it was intended that the promise should be relied upon, as in fact it was relied upon, and if a refusal to enforce it would virtually sanction the perpetration of fraud or would result in other injustice. Promissory estoppel presupposes the existence of a promise on the part of one against whom estoppel is claimed. The promise must be plain and unambiguous and sufficiently specific so that the court can understand the obligation assumed and enforce the promise according to its terms.

A new law was enacted discontinuing the use of the mother tongue as medium of instruction for young learners from kindergarten to the first three years of elementary education.

Article 178 of the Family Code provides that legitimation shall take place by a subsequent valid marriage between parents. The annulment of a voidable marriage shall not affect the legitimation.

On October 30, 2024, the President Ferdinand R. Marcos Jr. issued Proclamation No. 727 declaring the list of regular holidays and special days for this new year, 2025.